<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">endofocus</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">FOCUS Эндокринология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>FOCUS. Endocrinology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2713-0177</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2713-0185</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ООО "Издательство "Перо"</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.62751/2713-0177-2026-7-1-02</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">endofocus-208</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL RESEARCH</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Особенности метаболизма кишечной микробиоты у пациентов с сахарным диабетом 2 типа, получающих таблетированную сахароснижающую терапию</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Features of the gut microbiota metabolism and their relationship with the parameters of the lipid profile in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus receiving tableted hypoglycemic therapy</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6385-540X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Демидова</surname><given-names>Т. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Demidova</surname><given-names>T. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Татьяна Юльевна Демидова, д. м. н., профессор, заведующая кафедрой, заслуженный врач РФ</p><p>ИКМ; кафедра эндокринологии </p><p>Москва</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 7003771623</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tatiana Yu. Demidova, Dr. Sci. (Med.), professor, head of the Departmentt, Honored Doctor of the Russian Federation</p><p>Institute of Clinical Medicine; Department of Endocrinology</p><p>Moscow</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 7003771623</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">t.y.demidova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6826-5924</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Теплова</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Teplova</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Анна Сергеевна Теплова, ассистент, заслуженный врач РФ</p><p>ИКМ; кафедра эндокринологии</p><p>117513; ул.Островитянова, д. 1; Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anna S. Teplova, assistant, Honored Doctor of the Russian Federation</p><p>Institute of Clinical Medicine; Department of Endocrinology</p><p>117513; 1 bldg. 6 Ostrovityanova St.; Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">anna_kochina_@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8150-307X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ардатская</surname><given-names>М. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ardatskaya</surname><given-names>M. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мария Дмитриевна Ардатская, д. м. н., профессор</p><p>кафедра гастроэнтерологии</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Maria D. Ardatskaya, Dr. Sci. (Med.), professor</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ma@uni-med.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет имени Н.И. Пирогова (Пироговский университет)</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Центральная государственная медицинская академия Управления делами Президента РФ</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Central State Medical Academy of the Directorate of the President of the Russian Federation</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>03</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>7</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>14</fpage><lpage>23</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Демидова Т.Ю., Теплова А.С., Ардатская М.Д., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Демидова Т.Ю., Теплова А.С., Ардатская М.Д.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Demidova T.Y., Teplova A.S., Ardatskaya M.D.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://endofocus.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/208">https://endofocus.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/208</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>   Введение</title><p>   Введение. Метаболизм кишечной микробиоты (КМ) у пациентов с сахарным диабетом 2 типа (СД2) имеет ряд особенностей, в том числе изменение функциональных характеристик микроорганизмов и, как следствие, изменение уровней основных метаболитов КМ – короткоцепочечных жирных кислот (КЦЖК).</p></sec><sec><title>   Цель исследования</title><p>   Цель исследования. Изучить особенности КЦЖК у пациентов с СД2, получающих комбинированную с метформином инновационную сахароснижающую терапию.</p></sec><sec><title>   Материалы и методы</title><p>   Материалы и методы. В исследование вошли 80 пациентов с СД2 в возрасте 45–60 лет, у которых длительность заболевания не превышала 5 лет, HbA1c был до 7,5 %, индекс массы тела (ИМТ) – 27–35 кг/м2. Все пациенты получали комбинированную терапию метформином и ингибиторами натрий-глюкозного котранспортера 2 типа или метформином и ингибиторами дипептидилпептидазы-4.</p></sec><sec><title>   Результаты</title><p>   Результаты. Медиана возраста участников составила 55 [52–57] лет, медиана длительности стажа СД2 – 2 [1–4] года. ИМТ в среднем по группе составил 31,22 ± 2,42 кг/м2 (95 % ДИ: 30,68–31,76). Средний уровень HbA1c на этапе включения пациентов в исследование был равен 6,16 ± 0,79 % (95 % ДИ: 5,98–6,33). У участников выявлено существенное снижение уровня суммы КЦЖК (3,664 [2,053–7,014] мг/г) по сравнению с пациентами без СД (10,5 ± 1,5 мг/г). Абсолютные концентрации уксусной, пропионовой и масляной кислот также оказались практически трехкратно снижены относительно пациентов без СД (1,93 [0,95–3,99], 0,82 [0,39–1,58] и 0,55 [0,30–1,31] мг/г соответственно). Анаэробный индекс был смещен в сторону резко отрицательных значений и составил -0,76 ± 0,25 (95 % ДИ: от -0,81 до -0,70). Статистически значимых различий между группами пациентов по терапии выявлено не было.</p></sec><sec><title>   Выводы</title><p>   Выводы. Таким образом, характеристика КЦЖК у пациентов с СД2, получающих таблетированную сахароснижающую терапию, значительно отличается от нормальных значений по данным литературы, несмотря на компенсацию пациентов по основным клинико-лабораторным параметрам и непродолжительный стаж заболевания. Полученные данные подчеркивают нерешенную проблему декомпенсации микробиотического звена патогенеза СД2, что свидетельствует о неблагоприятном патогенетическом прогнозе.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>   Introduction</title><p>   Introduction. Gut microbiota (GM) metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has a number of features, including changes in the functional characteristics of microorganisms and, as a result, changes in the levels of the main metabolites of GM – short-chain fatty acids (SCFA).</p><p>   The purpose of the study. To investigate the features of the SCFA in patients with T2DM receiving innovative hypoglycemic therapy combined with metformin.</p></sec><sec><title>  Materials and methods</title><p>  Materials and methods. The study included 80 patients with T2DM aged 45–60 years, with the duration of the disease to 5 years, HbA1c did not exceed 7.5 %, BMI was 27–35 kg/m2. All patients received metformin and SGLT-2 inhibitors or metformin and DPP-4 inhibitors.</p></sec><sec><title>   Results</title><p>   Results. The median age of the patients was 55 [52-57] years, and the median duration of T2DM was 2 [1-4] years. The average BMI in the group was 31.22 ± 2.42 (95 % CI: 30.68–31.76) kg/m2. The average HbA1c level – 6.16 ± 0.79 (95 % CI: 5.98–6.33) %. A significant decrease in the level of the amount of SCFA (3,664 [2,053–7,014] mg/g) was revealed compared with the people without T2DM (10.5 ± 1.5 mg/g). The absolute concentrations of acetic, propionic, and butyric acids are also almost threefold reduced (1.93 [0.95–3.99] mg/g, 0.82 [0.39–1.58] mg/g, 0.55 [0.30–1.31] mg/g). The anaerobic index was shifted towards sharply negative values and amounted to -0.76 ± 0.25 (95 % CI: from -0.81 to -0.70). There were no statistically significant differences between the treatment groups of patients.</p></sec><sec><title>   Conclusions</title><p>   Conclusions. The data obtained highlight the unresolved problem of decompensation of the microbiotic link in the pathogenesis of T2DM.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>сахарный диабет 2 типа</kwd><kwd>метформин</kwd><kwd>инновационные сахароснижающие препараты</kwd><kwd>короткоцепочечные жирные кислоты</kwd><kwd>кишечная микробиота</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>type 2 diabetes mellitus</kwd><kwd>metformin</kwd><kwd>innovative hypoglycemic drugs</kwd><kwd>short-chain fatty acids</kwd><kwd>gut microbiota</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Отсутствует</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">None</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhou Z, Sun B, Yu D, Zhu C. Gut microbiota: An important player in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2022;12:834485. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.834485</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhou Z, Sun B, Yu D, Zhu C. Gut microbiota: An important player in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2022;12:834485. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.834485</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Плавник Р.Г., Невмержицкий В.И., Буторова Л.И., Бакулина Н.В. Применение дыхательных тестов для диагностики желудочно-кишечных заболеваний. Вестник Северо-Западного государственного медицинского университета им. И.И. Мечникова. 2020;12(1):53–62. doi: 10.17816/mechnikov26270</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Plavnik RG, Nevmerzhitsky VI, Butorova LI, Bakulina NV. Use of breath testing in gastrointestinal disorders. Vestnik Severo- Zapadnogo gosudarstvennogo meditsinskogo universiteta imeni I.I. Mechnikova Herald of North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov. 2020;12(1):53–62 (In Russ.) doi: 10.17816/mechnikov26270</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ардатская М.Д., Гарушьян Г.В., Мойсак Р.П. Влияние избыточного бактериального роста в тонкой кишке и бактериальной эндотоксемии на течение неалкогольной жировой болезни печени. Экспериментальная и клиническая гастроэнтерология. 2018;(5):24–31.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ardatskaya M.D., Garushyan G.V., Moysak R.P. Effect of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and bacterial endotoxemia on the course of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Eksperimental`naya i klinicheskaya gastroenterologiya = Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology. 2018;(5):24–31 (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ардатская М.Д., Гарушьян Г.В., Мойсак Р.П., Топчий Т.Б. Роль короткоцепочечных жирных кислот в оценке состояния микробиоценоза кишечника и его коррекции у пациентов с НАЖБП различных стадий. Экспериментальная гастроэнтерология. 2019;(1):106–116. doi: 10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-161-1-106-116</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ardatskaya MD, Garushyan GV, Moysak RP, Topchiy TB. Role of short chain fatty acids in evaluation of gut microbiocenosis disorders and their correction in patients with NAFLD of different stages. Eksperimental`naya i klinicheskaya gastroenterologiya = Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology. 2019;(1):106–116 (In Russ.) doi: 10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-161-1-106-116</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Martin-Gallausiaux C, Marinelli L, Blottière HM, Larraufie P, Lapaque N. SCFA: Mechanisms and functional importance in the gut. Proc Nutr Soc. 2021;80(1):37–49. doi: 10.1017/S0029665120006916</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Martin-Gallausiaux C, Marinelli L, Blottière HM, Larraufie P, Lapaque N. SCFA: Mechanisms and functional importance in the gut. Proc Nutr Soc. 2021;80(1):37–49. doi: 10.1017/S0029665120006916</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liang L, Liu L, Zhou W, Yang C, Mai G, Li H, et al. Gut microbiota-derived butyrate regulates gut mucus barrier repair by activating the macrophage/WNT/ERK signaling pathway. Clin Sci. 2022;136(4):291–307. doi: 10.1042/CS20210778</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liang L, Liu L, Zhou W, Yang C, Mai G, Li H, et al. Gut microbiota-derived butyrate regulates gut mucus barrier repair by activating the macrophage/WNT/ERK signaling pathway. Clin Sci. 2022;136(4):291–307. doi: 10.1042/CS20210778</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fusco W, Lorenzo MB, Cintoni M, Porcari S, Rinninella E, Kaitsas F, et al. Short-chain fatty-acid-producing bacteria: key components of the human gut microbiota. Nutrients. 2023;15(9):2211. doi: 10.3390/nu15092211</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fusco W, Lorenzo MB, Cintoni M, Porcari S, Rinninella E, Kaitsas F, et al. Short-chain fatty-acid-producing bacteria: key components of the human gut microbiota. Nutrients. 2023;15(9):2211. doi: 10.3390/nu15092211</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu P, Wang Y, Yang G, Zhang Q, Meng L, Xin Y, et al. The role of short-chain fatty acids in intestinal barrier function, inflammation, oxidative stress, and colonic carcinogenesis. Pharmacol Res. 2021;165:105420. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105420</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu P, Wang Y, Yang G, Zhang Q, Meng L, Xin Y, et al. The role of short-chain fatty acids in intestinal barrier function, inflammation, oxidative stress, and colonic carcinogenesis. Pharmacol Res. 2021;165:105420. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105420</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Erny D, Dokalis N, Mezo C, Castoldi A, Mossad O, Staszewski O, et al. Microbiota-derived acetate enables the metabolic fitness of the brain innate immune system during health and disease. Cell Metab. 2021;33(11):2260 –2276.e7. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.10.010</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Erny D, Dokalis N, Mezo C, Castoldi A, Mossad O, Staszewski O, et al. Microbiota-derived acetate enables the metabolic fitness of the brain innate immune system during health and disease. Cell Metab. 2021;33(11):2260 –2276.e7. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.10.010</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hays KE, Pfaffinger JM, Ryznar R. The interplay between gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acids, and implications for host health and disease. Gut Microbes. 2024;16(1):2393270. doi: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2393270</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hays KE, Pfaffinger JM, Ryznar R. The interplay between gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acids, and implications for host health and disease. Gut Microbes. 2024;16(1):2393270. doi: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2393270</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gonzalez Hernandez MA, Canfora EE, Jocken JWE, Blaak EE. The short-chain fatty acid acetate in body weight control and insulin sensitivity. Nutrients. 2019;11(8):1943. doi: 10.3390/nu11081943</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gonzalez Hernandez MA, Canfora EE, Jocken JWE, Blaak EE. The short-chain fatty acid acetate in body weight control and insulin sensitivity. Nutrients. 2019;11(8):1943. doi: 10.3390/nu11081943</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Deleu S, Machiels K, Raes J, Verbeke K, Vermeire S. Short chain fatty acids and its producing organisms: An overlooked therapy for IBD? EBioMedicine. 2021;66:103293. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103293</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Deleu S, Machiels K, Raes J, Verbeke K, Vermeire S. Short chain fatty acids and its producing organisms: An overlooked therapy for IBD? EBioMedicine. 2021;66:103293. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103293</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">He J, Zhang P, Shen L, Niu L, Tan Y, Chen L, et al. Short-chain fatty acids and their association with signalling pathways in inflammation, glucose and lipid metabolism. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(17):6356. doi: 10.3390/ijms21176356</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">He J, Zhang P, Shen L, Niu L, Tan Y, Chen L, et al. Short-chain fatty acids and their association with signalling pathways in inflammation, glucose and lipid metabolism. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(17):6356. doi: 10.3390/ijms21176356</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Du Y, He C, An Y, Huang Y, Zhang H, Fu W, et al. The role of short chain fatty acids in inflammation and body health. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25(13):7379. doi: 10.3390/ijms25137379</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Du Y, He C, An Y, Huang Y, Zhang H, Fu W, et al. The role of short chain fatty acids in inflammation and body health. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25(13):7379. doi: 10.3390/ijms25137379</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shimizu H, Masujima Y, Ushiroda C, Mizushima R, Taira S, Ohue-Kitano R, et al. Dietary short-chain fatty acid intake improves the hepatic metabolic condition via FFAR3. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):16574. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-53242-x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shimizu H, Masujima Y, Ushiroda C, Mizushima R, Taira S, Ohue-Kitano R, et al. Dietary short-chain fatty acid intake improves the hepatic metabolic condition via FFAR3. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):16574. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-53242-x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jocken JWE, Hernandez MAG, Hoebers NTH, Beek CM, Essers YPG, Blaak EE, et al. Short-chain fatty acids differentially affect intracellular lipolysis in a human white adipocyte model. Front Endocrinol. 2018;8:372. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00372</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jocken JWE, Hernandez MAG, Hoebers NTH, Beek CM, Essers YPG, Blaak EE, et al. Short-chain fatty acids differentially affect intracellular lipolysis in a human white adipocyte model. Front Endocrinol. 2018;8:372. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00372</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ларина В.Н., Кудина Е.В. Возможная стратегия ведения коморбидного пациента с дислипидемией и артериальной гипертонией при низком сердечно-сосудистом риске. Лечебное дело. 2024;(1):23–30. doi: 10.24412/2071-5315-2024-13083</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Larina VN, Kudina EV. Possible strategy of treatment of the comorbid patients with dyslipidemia and arterial hypertension with low cardiovascular risk. Lechebnoe delo = General Medicine. 2024;(1):23–30 (In Russ.) doi: 10.24412/2071-5315-2024-13083</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ардатская М.Д., Минушкин О.Н. Эволюция учения о дисбактериозе. Экспериментальная и клиническая гастроэнтерология. 2025;(12):199–218. doi: 10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-244-12-199-218</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ardatskaya M.D., Minushkin O.N. The Evolution of the gut dysbiosis theory. Eksperimental`naya i klinicheskaya gastroenterologiya = Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology. 2025;(12):199–218 (In Russ.) doi: 10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-244-12-199-218</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen X, Wu Q, Gao X, Wang H, Zhu J, Xia G, et al. Gut microbial dysbiosis associated with type 2 diabetes aggravates acute ischemic stroke. mSystems. 2021;6(6):e0130421. doi: 10.1128/msystems.01304-21</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen X, Wu Q, Gao X, Wang H, Zhu J, Xia G, et al. Gut microbial dysbiosis associated with type 2 diabetes aggravates acute ischemic stroke. mSystems. 2021;6(6):e0130421. doi: 10.1128/msystems.01304-21</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ардатская М.Д., Анучкин А.А., Буторова Л.И., Павлов А.И., Нугаева Н.Р., Фадина Ж.В. Патогенетические аспекты развития и лечения антибиотик-ассоциированной диареи: выбор синбиотика с позиции доказательной медицины. Медицинский совет. 2023;17(6):113–125. doi: 10.21518/ms2023-026</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ardatskaya MD, Anuchkin AA, Butorova LI, Pavlov AI, Nugaeva NR, Fadina ZhV. Pathogenetic aspects of the development and treatment of antibiotic-associated diarrhea: The choice of a synbiotic from the standpoint of evidence-based medicine. Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council. 2023;17(6):113–125 (In Russ.) doi: 10.21518/ms2023-026</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ким Н.В., Зотов В.А., Алексеев В.А., Шевелева С.А. Изучение содержания короткоцепочечных жирных кислот в кишечнике у людей с нарушениями липидного обмена. Вопросы питания. 2023;92(2):18–25. doi: 10.33029/0042-8833-2023-92-2-18-25</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim NV, Zotov VA, Alekseev VA, Sheveleva SA. The study of the content of short-chain fatty acids in the intestine of people with lipid metabolism disorders. Voprosy pitaniia = Problems of Nutrition. 2023;92(2):18–25 (In Russ.) doi: 10.33029/0042-8833-2023-92-2-18-25</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Душина Т.С., Суплотова Л.А., Кляшев С.М., Федосеева Н.Н. Метаболическая активность микробиоты толстой кишки у пациентов с ожирением (пилотное исследование). Медицинский Совет. 2024;18(6):217–225. doi: 10.21518/ms2024-136</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dushina TS, Suplotova LA, Klyashev SM, Fedoseeva NN. Metabolic activity of the colon microbiota in patients with obesity (pilot research). Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council. 2024;18(6):217–225 (In Russ.) doi: 10.21518/ms2024-136</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
