<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">endofocus</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">FOCUS Эндокринология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>FOCUS. Endocrinology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2713-0177</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2713-0185</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ООО "Издательство "Перо"</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.62751/2713-0177-2026-7-2-03</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">endofocus-218</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Структура стартовой терапии сахарного диабета 2 типа в 2025 г. в Москве: анализ реальной клинической практики</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Structure of initial therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus in 2025 in Moscow: Analysis of real-world clinical practice</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8289-0032</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Демидов</surname><given-names>Н. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Demidov</surname><given-names>N. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Демидов Николай Александрович – к.м.н., доцент кафедры эндокринологии Института клинической медицины</p><p>117513, г. Москва, ул. Островитянова д. 1  </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nikolay A. Demidov – Cand. Sci (Med.), associate professor of the Department of endocrinology, Institute of Clinical Medicine </p><p>1 Ostrovityanova St., Moscow, 117997 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nicolay13@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6385-540X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Демидова</surname><given-names>Т. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Demidova</surname><given-names>T. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Демидова Татьяна Юльевна – д.м.н., профессор, заслуженный врач РФ</p><p>Москва </p><p>Scopus Author ID: 7003771623  </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tatyana Yu. Demidova – Dr. Sci (Med), professor, Honored Doctor of the Russian Federation </p><p>Moscow </p><p>Scopus Author ID: 7003771623 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">t.y.demidova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9944-2997</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Анциферов</surname><given-names>М. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Antsiferov</surname><given-names>M. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Анциферов Михаил Борисович – д.м.н., профессор, главный внештатный специалист эндокринолог  </p><p>Москва </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Mikhail B. Antsiferov – Dr. Sci. (Med.), professor, chief endocrinologist of the Department of Health of Moscow </p><p>Moscow </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">antsiferov@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Московский многопрофильный клинический центр «Коммунарка» Департамента здравоохранения г. Москвы; Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова (Пироговский университет)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Moscow Multidisciplinary Clinical Center “Kommunarka” of the Department of Health of Moscow; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова (Пироговский университет)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University; Endocrinology Dispensary of the Department of Health of Moscow</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Эндокринологический диспансер Департамента здравоохранения г. Москвы; Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Endocrinology Dispensary of the Department of Health of Moscow; Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>11</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>7</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>31</fpage><lpage>40</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Демидов Н.А., Демидова Т.Ю., Анциферов М.Б., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Демидов Н.А., Демидова Т.Ю., Анциферов М.Б.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Demidov N.A., Demidova T.Y., Antsiferov M.B.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://endofocus.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/218">https://endofocus.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/218</self-uri><abstract><p>Цель исследования – оценить структуру стартовой терапии сахарного диабета 2 типа (СД2) у пациентов – жителей Москвы в 2025 г., проанализировать использование различных классов сахароснижающих препаратов (ССП) в зависимости от возраста, пола, наличия осложнений диабетара и сопутствующей патологии. Материал и методы. Проведен ретроспективный анализ данных 11 382 человек с впервые выявленным в 2025 г. СД2. Проанализированы клинические характеристики, схемы терапии, осложнения и сопутствующие патологии: атеросклеротические сердечно-сосудистые заболевания (АССЗ), хроническая болезнь почек (ХБП), хроническая сердечная недостаточность (ХСН) и их связь с видом терапии. Результаты. Средний возраст пациентов составил 62,1 ± 11,9 года, среди них преобладали женщины (54,7%). Монотерапия пероральными ССП использовалась у 57,6% пациентов, комбинация двух препаратов – у 28,3%, трех и более препаратов – у 4,3%, инсулинотерапия – у 7,4%. Метформин получали 83,4% пациентов, ингибиторы дипептидилпептидазы – 26,8%, агонисты рецепторов глюкагоноподобного пептида-1 (арГПП-1) – 3,5%, ингибиторы натрий-глюкозного котранспортера 2-го типа (иНГЛТ-2) – 1,9%. С увеличением возраста отмечается снижение доли комбинированной терапии (с 32,3 до 12,7%) и рост частоты использования монотерапии (с 51,6 до 72,5%). Распространенность АССЗ возрастает с 1,6% в группе 18–29 лет до 19,6% в группе 80+, ХБП – с 1,6 до 30,5%, ХСН – с 1,6 до 3,2%. При наличии ХБП и ХСН установлено более частое назначение иНГЛТ-2 (2,3 и 3,6% соответственно) по сравнению с 1,8% у пациентов без осложнений. Заключение. В реальной клинической практике врачи в Москве придерживаются принципов персонализированного подхода к стартовой терапии СД2. Метформин остается препаратом выбора для большинства пациентов, однако у лиц молодого возраста чаще применяют инновационные классы препаратов (арГПП-1, иНГЛТ-2). Наличие сопутствующей патологии (АССЗ, ХБП, ХСН) значимо повышает частоту использования препаратов с кардионефропротективными эффектами. </p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Aim of the study. To evaluate the structure of initial therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) among patients residing in Moscow in 2025 and to analyze the use of different classes of glucose-lowering drugs (GLDs) according to age, sex, presence of diabetes complications, and comorbidities. Material and methods. A retrospective analysis was performed on data from 11,382 individuals with newly diagnosed T2DM in 2025. Clinical characteristics, treatment regimens, complications, and comorbidities – including atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), chronic kidney disease (CKD), and chronic heart failure (CHF) – and their association with therapy type were analyzed. Results. The mean age of patients was 62.1 ± 11.9 years, with a predominance of women (54.7%). Monotherapy with oral GLDs was used in 57.6% of patients, dual therapy in 28.3%, triple or more combination therapy in 4.3%, and insulin therapy in 7.4%. Metformin was prescribed to 83.4% of patients, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors to 26.8%, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists to 3.5%, and sodiumglucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors to 1.9%. With increasing age, the proportion of combination therapy decreased (from 32.3 to  12.7%), while monotherapy use increased (from 51.6% to 72.5%). The prevalence of ASCVD increased from 1.6% in the 18–29 age group to 19.6% in patients aged 80+, CKD from 1.6 to 30.5%, and CHF from 1.6 to 3.2%. In patients with CKD and CHF, SGLT-2 inhibitors were prescribed more frequently (2.3 and 3.6%, respectively) compared to 1.8% in patients without complications. Conclusion. In real-world clinical practice in Moscow, physicians adhere to principles of a personalized approach to initial T2DM therapy. Metformin remains the drug of choice for most patients, whereas innovative drug classes (GLP-1 receptor agonists, SGLT-2 inhibitors) are more frequently used in younger individuals. The presence of comorbidities (ASCVD, CKD, CHF) significantly increases the use of drugs with cardio-renal protective effects. </p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>сахарный диабет 2 типа</kwd><kwd>стартовая терапия</kwd><kwd>метформин</kwd><kwd>агонисты рецепторов ГПП-1</kwd><kwd>ингибиторы НГЛТ-2</kwd><kwd>атеросклеротические ССЗ</kwd><kwd>хроническая болезнь почек</kwd><kwd>хроническая сердечная недостаточность</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>type 2 diabetes mellitus</kwd><kwd>initial therapy</kwd><kwd>metformin</kwd><kwd>glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists</kwd><kwd>sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors</kwd><kwd>atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease</kwd><kwd>chronic kidney disease</kwd><kwd>chronic heart failure</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Davies MJ, Aroda VR, Collins BS, Gabbay RA, Green J, Maruthur NM, et al. Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, 2022. A Consensus Report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetes Care. 2022;45(11):2753–86. https://doi.org/10.2337/dci22-0034</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Davies MJ, Aroda VR, Collins BS, Gabbay RA, Green J, Maruthur NM, et al. Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, 2022. A Consensus Report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetes Care. 2022;45(11):2753–86. https://doi.org/10.2337/dci22-0034</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sanchez-Rangel E, Inzucchi SE. Metformin: Clinical use in type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2017;60(9):1586–93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-017-4336-x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sanchez-Rangel E, Inzucchi SE. Metformin: Clinical use in type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2017;60(9):1586–93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-017-4336-x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Lancet. 1998;352(9131):854–65.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Lancet. 1998;352(9131):854–65.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kristensen SL, Rorth R, Jhund PS, Docherty KF, Sattar N, Preiss D, et al. Cardiovascular, mortality, and kidney outcomes with GLP-1 receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cardiovascular outcome trials. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2019;7(10):776–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(19)30249-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kristensen SL, Rorth R, Jhund PS, Docherty KF, Sattar N, Preiss D, et al. Cardiovascular, mortality, and kidney outcomes with GLP-1 receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cardiovascular outcome trials. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2019;7(10):776–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(19)30249-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zinman B, Wanner C, Lachin JM, Fitchett D, Bluhmki E, Hantel S, et al.; EMPAREG OUTCOME Investigators. Empagliflozin, cardiovascular outcomes, and mortality in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(22):2117–28. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1504720.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zinman B, Wanner C, Lachin JM, Fitchett D, Bluhmki E, Hantel S, et al.; EMPAREG OUTCOME Investigators. Empagliflozin, cardiovascular outcomes, and mortality in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(22):2117–28. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1504720.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">LeRoith D, Biessels GJ, Braithwaite SS, Casanueva FF, Draznin B, Halter JB, et al. Treatment of diabetes in older adults: An Endocrine Society* clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019;104(5):1520–74. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2019-00198</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">LeRoith D, Biessels GJ, Braithwaite SS, Casanueva FF, Draznin B, Halter JB, et al. Treatment of diabetes in older adults: An Endocrine Society* clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019;104(5):1520–74. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2019-00198</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kautzky-Willer A, Harreiter J, Pacini G. Sex and gender differences in risk, pathophysiology and complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Endocr Rev. 2016;37(3):278–316. https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2015-1137</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kautzky-Willer A, Harreiter J, Pacini G. Sex and gender differences in risk, pathophysiology and complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Endocr Rev. 2016;37(3):278–316. https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2015-1137</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">DeFronzo RA, Goodman AM. Efficacy of metformin in patients with non-insulindependent diabetes mellitus. The Multicenter Metformin Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1995;333(9):541–49. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199508313330902</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">DeFronzo RA, Goodman AM. Efficacy of metformin in patients with non-insulindependent diabetes mellitus. The Multicenter Metformin Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1995;333(9):541–49. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199508313330902</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Perkovic V, Jardine MJ, Neal B, Bompoint S, Heerspink HJL, Charytan DM, et al.; CREDENCE Trial Investigators. Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(24):2295–306. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1811744</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Perkovic V, Jardine MJ, Neal B, Bompoint S, Heerspink HJL, Charytan DM, et al.; CREDENCE Trial Investigators. Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(24):2295–306. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1811744</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McMurray JJV, Solomon SD, Inzucchi SE, Kober L, Kosiborod MN, Martinez FA, et al.; DAPA-HF Trial Committees and Investigators. Dapagliflozin in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(21):1995–2008. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1911303</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McMurray JJV, Solomon SD, Inzucchi SE, Kober L, Kosiborod MN, Martinez FA, et al.; DAPA-HF Trial Committees and Investigators. Dapagliflozin in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(21):1995–2008. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1911303</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дедов И.И., Шестакова М.В., Галстян Г.Р. Распространенность сахарного диабета 2 типа у взрослого населения России (исследование NATION). Сахарный диабет. 2016;19(2):104–112. https://doi.org/10.14341/DM2004116-17</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dedov II, Shestakova MV, Galstyan GR. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the adult population of Russia (NATION study). Sakharnyy diabet = Diabetes Mellitus. 2016;19(2):104–112 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.14341/DM2004116-17</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дедов И.И., Шестакова М.В., Сухарева О.Ю., Мокрышева Н.Г., Андреева Е.Н., Безлепкина О.Б., и др. Алгоритмы специализированной медицинской помощи больным сахарным диабетом / Под редакцией И.И. Дедова, М.В. Шестаковой, О.Ю. Сухаревой. 12-й выпуск. Сахарный диабет. 2025;28(5S):1-175. https://doi.org/10.14341/DM20255S</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dedov I., Shestakova M., Sukhareva O., Mokrysheva N., Andreeva E., Bezlepkina O., et al. Standards of Specialized Diabetes Care / Edited by Dedov I.I., Shestakova M.V., Sukhareva O.Yu. 12th Edition. Diabetes mellitus. 2025;28(5S):1-175. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.14341/DM20255S</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Defronzo RA, Tripathy D, Schwenke DC, Banerji M, Bray GA, Buchanan TA, et al.; ACT NOW Study. Prevention of diabetes with pioglitazone in ACT NOW: physiologic correlates. Diabetes. 2013 Nov;62(11):3920-6. https://doi.org/10.2337/db13-0265.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Defronzo RA, Tripathy D, Schwenke DC, Banerji M, Bray GA, Buchanan TA, et al.; ACT NOW Study. Prevention of diabetes with pioglitazone in ACT NOW: physiologic correlates. Diabetes. 2013 Nov;62(11):3920-6. https://doi.org/10.2337/db13-0265.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Viberti G, Kahn SE, Greene DA, Herman WH, Zinman B, Holman RR, et al. A diabetes outcome progression trial (ADOPT): an international multicenter study of the comparative efficacy of rosiglitazone, glyburide, and metformin in recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2002 Oct;25(10):1737-43. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.25.10.1737.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Viberti G, Kahn SE, Greene DA, Herman WH, Zinman B, Holman RR, et al. A diabetes outcome progression trial (ADOPT): an international multicenter study of the comparative efficacy of rosiglitazone, glyburide, and metformin in recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2002 Oct;25(10):1737-43. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.25.10.1737.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abdul-Ghani MA, Puckett C, Triplitt C, Maggs D, Adams J, Cersosimo E, DeFronzo RA. Initial combination therapy with metformin, pioglitazone and exenatide is more effective than sequential add-on therapy in subjects with new-onset diabetes. Results from the Efficacy and Durability of Initial Combination Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes (EDICT): a randomized trial. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2015 Mar;17(3):268-75. https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.12417.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abdul-Ghani MA, Puckett C, Triplitt C, Maggs D, Adams J, Cersosimo E, DeFronzo RA. Initial combination therapy with metformin, pioglitazone and exenatide is more effective than sequential add-on therapy in subjects with new-onset diabetes. Results from the Efficacy and Durability of Initial Combination Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes (EDICT): a randomized trial. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2015 Mar;17(3):268-75. https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.12417.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abdul-Ghani M, Puckett C, Abdelgani S, Merovci A, Lavrynenko O, Adams J, et al. Glycemic and non-glycemic benefits of initial triple therapy versus sequential add-on therapy in patients with new-onset diabetes: results from the EDICT study. BMJ Open Diabetes Research &amp; Care. 2025;13:e004981. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2025-004981</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abdul-Ghani M, Puckett C, Abdelgani S, Merovci A, Lavrynenko O, Adams J, et al. Glycemic and non-glycemic benefits of initial triple therapy versus sequential add-on therapy in patients with new-onset diabetes: results from the EDICT study. BMJ Open Diabetes Research &amp; Care. 2025;13:e004981. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2025-004981</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhou Y, Huang Y, Ji X, Wang X, Shen L, Wang Y. Pioglitazone for the Primary and Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular and Renal Outcomes in Patients with or at High Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta-Analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020 May 1;105(5):dgz252. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgz252.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhou Y, Huang Y, Ji X, Wang X, Shen L, Wang Y. Pioglitazone for the Primary and Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular and Renal Outcomes in Patients with or at High Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta-Analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020 May 1;105(5):dgz252. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgz252.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nissen SE, Nicholls SJ, Wolski K, Nesto R, Kupfer S, Perez A, et al.; PERISCOPE Investigators. Comparison of pioglitazone vs glimepiride on progression of coronary atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes: the PERISCOPE randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2008 Apr 2;299(13):1561-73. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.299.13.1561.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nissen SE, Nicholls SJ, Wolski K, Nesto R, Kupfer S, Perez A, et al.; PERISCOPE Investigators. Comparison of pioglitazone vs glimepiride on progression of coronary atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes: the PERISCOPE randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2008 Apr 2;299(13):1561-73. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.299.13.1561.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Polonsky T, Mazzone T, Davidson M. The clinical implications of the CHICAGO study for the management of cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2009 Apr;19(3):94-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcm.2009.06.002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Polonsky T, Mazzone T, Davidson M. The clinical implications of the CHICAGO study for the management of cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2009 Apr;19(3):94-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcm.2009.06.002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cusi K, Orsak B, Bril F, Lomonaco R, Hecht J, Ortiz-Lopez C, et al. Long-Term Pioglitazone Treatment for Patients With Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis and Prediabetes or Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized Trial. Ann Intern Med. 2016 Sep 6;165(5):305-15. doi: 10.7326/M15-1774.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cusi K, Orsak B, Bril F, Lomonaco R, Hecht J, Ortiz-Lopez C, et al. Long-Term Pioglitazone Treatment for Patients With Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis and Prediabetes or Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized Trial. Ann Intern Med. 2016 Sep 6;165(5):305-15. doi: 10.7326/M15-1774.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шестакова М.В., Харахулах М.И., Белолипецкий Я.А. Оценка эффективности и безопасности фиксированной комбинации алоглиптина и пиоглитазона в реальной клинической практике: результаты исследования PROsperity. Сахарный диабет. 2025;28(2):198-209. https://doi.org/10.14341/DM13238</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shestakova M.V., Kharakhulakh M.I., Belolipetsky Y.A. Assessment of the effectiveness and safety of fixeddose combination of alogliptin and pioglitazone in real clinical practice: results of the PROsperity study. Diabetes mellitus. 2025;28(2):198-209. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.14341/DM13238</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
