Cardio-metabolic characteristics of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease

Background. Cardio-reno-metabolic health is a modern interdisciplinary concept reflecting the relationship between metabolic disorders, kidney diseases and the cardiovascular system. This relationship plays a key role in the development of a number of socially significant diseases and their complications.
The aim: to determine the role of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
Materials and methods. The study included 100 patients with T2DM who were hospitalized in the Department of Endocrinology of the V.P. Demikhov State Clinical Hospital from 09/01/24 to 11/30/24. All patients underwent a comprehensive examination: assessment of anthropometric indicators, laboratory parameters, and instrumental examination methods. The patients were divided into two groups. The first group included 37 patients with confirmed CKD (GFR according to the CKD-EPI formula <60 ml/min/1.73 m2), the second group included 63 patients without CKD (GFR according to the CKD-EPI formula >60 ml/min/1.73 m2). The initial information was systematized and the results visualized in Microsoft Office Excel 2016 spreadsheets. Statistical analysis was performed in Jamovi programs.
Results. The average age of patients was 68.56±7.3 years (95% CI: 50-89), the average length of T2DM was 12.05±8.14 years (95% CI: 3-42). The average level of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was 8.9±2.14 % (95% CI: 5.5-15.1). In group 1 (n=37), cardiovascular complications occurred in 25 people (67.56%). In group 2 (n=63), complications were observed in 29 people (46%). All the studied complications were more common in group 1: acute myocardial infarction was more common by 1.8%, stroke by 11%, arterial diseases of lower extremities by 6.5%, chronic heart failure by 18.1%. Two or more cardiovascular complications were more common in group 1 by 13.2% (p= 0.024, according to Pearson's chi-squared criterion).
Conclusion. The study revealed significant differences in cardio-metabolic characteristics in patients with T2DM, depending on the presence or absence of CKD. In patients with T2DM and CKD (group 1), cardiovascular complications were significantly more common (67.56%) than in patients without CKD (46%). This suggests that CKD is an independent risk factor for developing CVD in patients with T2DM.

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